EMCC Criminal Justice Test 2 Practice

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• Which of the following is an example of collateral consequences?
• What assessment method do police departments often use to measure officer performance?
• Which of the following best describes the watchman style of policing?
• Why might mitigating factors be presented during a trial?
• Henry Fielding operated his own monied police, referred to as _________, which attempt to clean up earlier policing efforts by deciding which cases to investigate and which streets to protect.
• What is the primary role of a bailiff in a courtroom?
• Aggressive patrol in New York City during the 1990s is credited with a reduction in which type of crime?
• Which court proceeding is typically held before a trial?
• Which of the following is a key component of community policing?
• Which of the following is not a focus of community policing?
• In Martin Innes' study of investigation techniques, police heavily rely on which method to solve a crime?
• Which type of officer was part of the watch system of policing in thirteenth-century England?
• What is a penal code?
• Which term is defined as the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions?
• What is the purpose of "victim impact statements"?
• Which of the following is a primary role of the corrections system?
• What are aggravating factors in sentencing?
• Which of the following is not one of the major purposes of police patrol?
• What defines statutory laws?
• In early US policing, which area encouraged individual initiative and rewarded the capture of felons?
• Which federal law enforcement agency has unlimited jurisdiction?
• Which state had the earliest example of state police?
• What does CompStat primarily focus on in policing?
• In medieval England, the senior law enforcement figure in a county was __________, who is today referred to as a sheriff.
• Jurisdictions that encourage patrol officers to aggressively detain suspicious persons practice what type of policing?
• DNA profiling gained national attention because of the _____ trial.
• What does the term "probable cause" refer to in law enforcement?
• An officer approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, drinking beer. This officer typifies which officer style?
• What is the definition of "capital punishment"?
• What technology helps precinct commanders analyze crime clustering in their jurisdiction?
• What circumstances is most likely to prevent a person from being able to understand the Miranda warning?
• Who has general administrative control of a police organization and sets policy for all branches?
• What is the justification for the use of deadly force related to the "fleeing felon" rule?
• What is the significance of the "Miranda warning"?
• A significant portion of a police officer's time is spent on which of the following?
• What does a probation violation imply?
• UCR data suggests that the average police officer makes ______ arrests every month.
• In which context are statutory laws primarily developed?
• What term is used to describe those who misuse police power for personal gain by demanding bribes or cooperating with criminals?
• What is the greatest factor in controlling the use of unwarranted police brutality?
• What US Supreme Court decision set forth the "reasonable officer" standard for police use of nondeadly force?
• Which factor is significant in understanding the dynamics of community-oriented policing?
• Which police style is associated with the preference to ignore issues of concern or treat them informally, unless the social or political order is being jeopardized?
• The vice squad specializes in:
• How is arrest defined in law enforcement?
• What does the study of victimology help in understanding?
• While there are many goals of patrol, most police experts agree that the majority of police patrol efforts are devoted to?
• What distinguishes a felony from a misdemeanor?
• Which of the following operations best exemplifies community-oriented policing?
• What is the result of a legal document called a search warrant?
• In what landmark decision did the Supreme Court rule that police can perform a stop and frisk when they have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity?
• What is the function of prosecution?
• Community-oriented policing connects police effectiveness to what aspect?
• What is the role of a law enforcement agency?
• What term is used to describe the use of computer software to identify geographic "hot spots" for predatory crimes?
• Which federal agency has prioritized protection from terrorism as its number one goal?
• Which concept suggests that minor offenses, if tolerated, may lead to more serious crimes?
• What is "self-incrimination" in legal terms?
• What is meant by preventative detention?
• What term refers to the strategies used to prevent criminal behavior through environmental design?
• How might the Eighth Amendment affect sentencing?
• In what scenario would "discretionary power" most likely be utilized by a police officer?
• According to criminal justice literature, what is a significant factor in the effectiveness of community policing?
• What is meant by "double jeopardy"?
• What is one of the main considerations for officers exercising discretionary power?
• Which of the following statements about detectives is true?
• What does "recidivism" refer to?
• What US Supreme Court decision set forth objective standards for questioning by police?
• Which model focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior?
• Which of the following is not a common explanation for various forms of abuse of power?
• Approximately _______ percent of all sworn officers in the nation's largest police departments are in units that don't allow them to make arrests?
• What does the Eighth Amendment prohibit?
• What is the role of a "public defender"?
• What federal program supported innovative research on police work and advanced training for police officers during the 1970s?
• What is the purpose of criminal profiling?
• What can be considered a primary goal of a defense attorney?
• What preventive strategy involves increasing police presence and visibility in a neighborhood?
• What is the insanity defense?
• What did the President's Task Force on the 21st Century Policing recommend be included in policies on use of force and racial profiling?
• What percentage of police departments are using Twitter to stay connected with communities?
• Which of the following is a branch of the Department of Homeland Security?
• What was the first technological breakthrough in policing?
• What does the law enforcer officer style prioritize?
• What strategy is often employed by police to establish a stronger relationship with the community?
• Which federal agency is responsible for witness security?
• What is the purpose of a search warrant?
• Why is the burden of proof placed on the prosecution in criminal cases?
• Which is not one of the core beliefs in police culture?
• Which principle is foundational to the concept of community-oriented policing?
• What right does the Fifth Amendment protect individuals from?
• Which factor is strongly linked to the type of nondeadly force used by officers?
• The demeanor of the offender is considered which type of factor?
• What is the primary function of a defense attorney?
• What psychological factor can significantly impact an officer's decisions on the job?
• How does criminal profiling assist law enforcement?
• What term describes the phenomenon where black officers deal with pressure to give members of their race breaks while facing racism from colleagues?
• After 9/11, which agency was created under new legislation?
• Which of the following is not part of the three-pronged approach contemporary detectives typically use to flesh out the narrative of the crime?
• Which amendment is significant for protecting individuals from unlawful actions by law enforcement?
• Which of the following describes when a police department extensively utilizes data to inform resource allocation?
• Which of the following best describes evidence?
• What is Operation Ceasefire?
• Roughly how many metropolitan police agencies employ just one sworn officer?
• Which city was the first to hire and award the title of police officer to a woman in 1910?
• Which of the following is *not* one of the four methods of predictive policing?
• In the context of sentencing, what is usually considered by the judge?
• What does forensic science involve?
• Which of the following is not one of the six situations in which a warrantless search is valid?
• What aspect of policing does the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) primarily deal with regarding cybercrime?
• Which of the following traits is said to be found at all levels of policing?
• More than half of the contact that police officers have with civilians is spent on which of the following?
• Which strategy has been shown to improve police patrol effectiveness?
• What was the name of the famous commission that investigated corruption in NYC in the 1970s?
• Why are English police officers referred to as bobbies?
• Which of the following is *not* a distinguishing factor of private policing?
• Which crime is most likely to result in capital punishment?
• What does "juvenile justice" refer to?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the main components of the criminal justice system?
• What system is used to evaluate which police officers are suited for promotion?
• Which of the following is *not* a factor that distinguishes private policing from public policing?
• How do most municipal police departments determine promotion eligibility?
• What does felony murder hold an individual liable for?
• What is one key characteristic of a misdemeanor?
• What best defines "plea bargaining"?
• An officer checks everyone's ID and arrests all who are underage among a group of teenagers drinking beer. This example typifies which officer style?
• The idea that aggressive policing makes criminals more worried about getting caught and therefore less likely to commit crime is known as?
• What is the primary disadvantage of community policing?
• Which of the following is not a common stressor faced by police officers on the job?
• In law enforcement, what might be a result of too much discretionary power?
• What are collateral consequences of criminal convictions?
• What is the function of a judge in a criminal trial?
• What could indicate an aggravating factor during sentencing?
• What is the primary use of jail in the criminal justice system?
• How is white-collar crime characterized?
• Which of the following best describes the goal of the "three strikes law"?
• Nearly _______ percent of local police departments serve populations of fewer than 10,000 people.
• What is judicial discretion?
• What is "reasonable suspicion"?
• Who is responsible for the burden of proof in a criminal case?
• How is cybercrime best defined?
• What is the goal of "rehabilitation" in the context of corrections?
• What is "probation" in the criminal justice system?
• Who typically has the authority to administer capital punishment?
• Which of the following best describes "forensic science"?
• Which policing style utilizes the least amount of discretion?
• What is the importance of victim rights in the justice system?
• What type of force is most likely to be used by police officers?
• What does bias policing entail?
• What is entrapment in legal terms?
• What is the term used to describe police officers that accept payoffs when their duties put them in a position to be solicited?
• Which of the following statements is false regarding college-educated police officers?
• What are theories of criminal behavior?
• What office was created in 1326 under the watch system of policing to assist the shire reeve in controlling the county?
• Which factor best fits under the heading of extralegal discretionary factors?
• Which approach to policing focuses on proactive prevention rather than reactive measures?
• Which of the following is not a challenge of community-oriented policing?
• A forensic specialist is asked to come study footprints left at the scene of a crime. This analyst would need to be an expert in?
• Which of the following is not a notable achievement by police in the 1990s?
• What is one criticism of the "three strikes law"?
• What type of evidence is crucial for convicting someone in a criminal trial?
• Which case set the precedent regarding the seizure of a fleeing felon?
• What constitutes a reasonable basis for believing that a crime may have been committed?
• Customs and Border Protection is primarily responsible for America's borders and points of entry but also encompasses what other area instrumental in that protection?
• The concept of hot spots of crime is most closely associated with which model of policing?
• What does the "exclusionary rule" protect against?
• What does the term "forensics" encompass in the criminal justice field?
• What were the organized private police patrolling eighteenth-century England called?
• What is the primary focus of community policing?
• Intelligence-led policing relies heavily on which of the following?
• What is meant by "discretionary power" in the context of law enforcement?
• What role does judicial discretion play in the courtroom?
• What does criminal intent refer to?
• Which organization is responsible for investigating certain types of federal crimes, such as drug trafficking and immigration violations?
• Which federal law enforcement agency is the oldest and most versatile?
• What do mitigating factors refer to?
• What is a "warrant" in law enforcement?
• What does the term 'blue curtain' refer to in policing?
• Which of the following is a common argument against capital punishment?
• What does the Fourth Amendment protect against?
• Stress reduction programs may include:
• Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the criminal justice system?
• What is defined as a “hate crime”?
• What is the aim of community service as a sentencing option?
• Which city created the first formal US police department in 1838?
• Which is *not* considered a standard task of a typical sheriff's department?
• Which of the following is an example of soft technology that law enforcement uses?
• What is the principle focus of the criminal justice system?
• Which US Supreme Court case deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed and nondangerous fleeing felon an illegal seizure of their person under the Fourth Amendment?
• What is "interrogation" in a criminal investigation?
• The Mollen Commission is an example of what type of effort to control police corruption?
• Surveys of male officers show that _____ officers view policing as a masculine profession.
• The Kansas City Gun Experiment is an example of which type of policing strategy?
• In the pledge system, people were grouped into families of 10, called __________, and were entrusted with policing their own minor problems.
• What does "due process" ensure in the legal system?
• What type of evidence do forensic specialists most often analyze in relation to crime scenes?
• What does "corrections" refer to?
• What is one of the roles that discretion plays in police conduct?
• What does a subpoena require of an individual?
• What type of crimes typically qualify for capital punishment?
• Which officer's style involves acting as problem solvers and is therefore well suited for community policing?
• What is a common goal of community policing?
• What type of crimes are typically classified as white-collar crimes?
• What does the term "sentencing" refer to in the judicial system?
• What does the "three strikes law" refer to?
• What fundamental principle does the "three strikes law" illustrate?
• What is the focus of victimology?
• What have evaluations of foot patrol programs in New Jersey and Michigan shown?
• What is the primary purpose of the criminal justice system?
• Which of the following is a commonly cited source of ineffective investigation?
• Which profession is known to have its distinct set of ethical challenges according to studies in criminal justice?
• What is the primary focus of the insanity defense?
• Which of the following statements about DNA usage is false?
• Who is responsible for determining guilt in a trial?
• According to a ranking system of the use of force, which is considered the least serious?
• What type of policing prioritizes citizen involvement and problem-solving?
• What are sentencing guidelines designed to do?
• Which of the following methods is most effective in promoting police accountability?
• In the context of corrections, what does reentry refer to?
• What was one of August Vollmer's greatest contributions to police professionalism?
• Which policing approach focuses on crime prevention through community engagement?
• Under which circumstances might an officer use deadly force?
• The technology that allows police to look at a complete picture of a crime scene in a 360-degree circumference is known as?
• Over the years, minority officers seem to be as self-assured as white officers, regardless of feeling _____ rates of job-related stress and strain stemming from general police stressors.
• What occurs during an arraignment?
• What is a primary goal of community-oriented policing?
• Which factor is commonly cited as affecting police discretion?
• What was a result of the Kansas City Gun Experiment?
• What distinguishes civil law from criminal law?
• In which of the following cases would discretionary power not be applicable?
• What legal principle allows for the exclusion of unlawfully obtained evidence?
• What is the primary purpose of predictive policing?